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Literary works written in the English linguistic communication in the twentieth-century

This article is focused on English language-language literature rather than the literature of England, so that information technology includes writers from Scotland, Wales, and the whole of Ireland, equally well as literature in English from erstwhile British colonies. Information technology also includes, to some extent, the US, though the main article here is American literature.

Modernism is a major literary movement of the first function of the twentieth-century. The term Postmodern literature is used to describe certain tendencies in post-World State of war II literature.

Irish writers were especially important in the twentieth-century, including James Joyce and later Samuel Beckett, both central figures in the Modernist motility. Americans, similar poets T. Southward. Eliot and Ezra Pound and novelist William Faulkner, were other important modernists. British modernists include Joseph Conrad, E. Chiliad. Forster, Dorothy Richardson, Virginia Woolf, and D. H. Lawrence. In the mid-twentieth-century major writers started to announced in the diverse countries of the British Commonwealth, including several Nobel laureates.

1901–22 modernism [edit]

In the early 20th-century literary modernism developed in the English language-speaking world due to a general sense of disillusionment with the Victorian era attitudes of certainty, conservatism, and conventionalities in the idea of objective truth.^[1] The movement was influenced by the ideas of Charles Darwin (1809–82) (On Origin of Species) (1859), Ernst Mach (1838–1916), Henri Bergson (1859–1941), Friedrich Nietzsche (1844–1900), James G. Frazer (1854–1941), Karl Marx (1818–83) (Das Kapital, 1867), and the psychoanalytic theories of Sigmund Freud (1856–1939), among others.^[ii] The continental art movements of Impressionism, and later Cubism, were likewise important inspirations for modernist writers.^[3] Important literary precursors of modernism, were: Fyodor Dostoevsky (1821–81) (Crime and Punishment (1866), The Brothers Karamazov (1880); Walt Whitman (1819–92) (Leaves of Grass) (1855–91); Charles Baudelaire (1821–67) (Les Fleurs du mal), Rimbaud (1854–91) (Illuminations, 1874); August Strindberg (1849–1912), specially his later plays.^[four]

A major British lyric poet of the first decades of the 20th century was Thomas Hardy (1840–1928). Though not a modernist, Hardy was an important transitional figure between the Victorian era and the 20th century. A major novelist of the late 19th century, Hardy, after the adverse criticism of his last novel, Jude the Obscure, full-bodied on publishing poesy. On the other manus, another significant transitional figure between Victorians and modernists, the belatedly-19th-century novelist, Henry James (1843–1916), continued to publish major works into the 20th century. James, born in the US, lived in Europe from 1875, and became a British citizen in 1915.^[v] Another immigrant, Polish-born modernist novelist Joseph Conrad (1857–1924) published his first of import work, Heart of Darkness, in 1899 and Lord Jim in 1900. The American exponent of Naturalism Theodore Dreiser's (1871–1945) Sister Carrie was also published in 1900.

Poetry [edit]

Still, the Victorian Gerard Manley Hopkins'south (1844–89) highly original verse was non published until 1918, long later on his expiry, while the career of some other major modernist poet, Irishman W. B. Yeats (1865–1939), began belatedly in the Victorian era. Yeats was one of the foremost figures of 20th-century literature. A colonnade of both the Irish gaelic and British literary establishments, in his afterward years he served as an Irish Senator for two terms. Yeats was a driving strength behind the Irish Literary Revival. In 1923 he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature, the get-go Irishman and then honoured.^[6] Yeats is mostly considered^{[ by whom? ]} one of the few writers who completed their greatest works after being awarded the Nobel Prize: these works include The Tower (1928) and The Winding Stair and Other Poems (1929).^[seven]

In improver to W. B. Yeats other important early modernist poets were the American poets T. S. Eliot (1888–1965) and Ezra Pound (1885–1972). Eliot became a British citizen in 1927 but was born and educated in America. His nearly famous works are: "Prufrock" (1915), The Waste Land (1921) and Four Quartets (1935–42). Ezra Pound was non simply a major poet, first publishing function of The Cantos in 1917, merely an important mentor for other poets, most significantly in his editorial advice for Eliot'due south poem The Waste Land.^[viii] Other of import American poets writing early in the 20th century were William Carlos Williams (1883–1963), Robert Frost (1874–1963), who published his beginning drove in England in 1913, and H.D. (1886–1961). Gertrude Stein (1874–1946), an American expatriate living in Paris, famous for her line "Rose is a rose is a rose is a rose," was also an important literary forcefulness during this time period. American poet Marianne Moore (1887–1972) published from the 1920s to the 1960s.

Simply while modernism was to become an important literary movement in the early decades of the new century, there were likewise many fine writers who, like Thomas Hardy, were non modernists. During the early on decades of the 20th century the Georgian poets like Rupert Brooke (1887–1915), Walter de la Mare (1873–1956), and John Masefield (1878–1967, Poet Laureate from 1930) maintained a conservative approach to poetry by combining romanticism, sentimentality and hedonism, sandwiched as they were betwixt the Victorian era, with its strict classicism, and Modernism, with its strident rejection of pure aestheticism. Edward Thomas (1878–1917) is sometimes treated equally another Georgian poet.^[9] Thomas enlisted in 1915 and is 1 of the First Earth War poets along with Wilfred Owen (1893–1918), Rupert Brooke (1887–1915), Isaac Rosenberg (1890–1917), Edmund Blunden (1896–1974) and Siegfried Sassoon (1886–1967).

Drama [edit]

Irish gaelic playwrights George Bernard Shaw (1856–1950) and J.G. Synge (1871–1909) were influential in British drama. Shaw'south career began in the last decade of the 19th century, while Synge's plays vest to the first decade of the 20th century. Synge's most famous play, The Playboy of the Western World, "caused outrage and riots when information technology was first performed" in Dublin in 1907.^[10] George Bernard Shaw turned the Edwardian theatre into an arena for debate well-nigh important political and social issues, like marriage, grade, "the morality of armaments and state of war" and the rights of women.^[11] An important dramatist in the 1920s, and later, was Irishman Seán O'Casey (1880–1964). Also in the 1920s and later Noël Coward (1899–1973) achieved enduring success every bit a playwright, publishing more than 50 plays from his teens onwards. Many of his works, such as Hay Fever (1925), Individual Lives (1930), Blueprint for Living (1932), Present Laughter (1942) and Blithe Spirit (1941), take remained in the regular theatre repertoire.

Novelists [edit]

Amongst the novelists, after Joseph Conrad, other important early modernists include Dorothy Richardson (1873–1957), whose novel Pointed Roof (1915), is i of the earliest example of the stream of consciousness technique, and D. H. Lawrence (1885–1930), who published The Rainbow in 1915, though information technology was immediately seized by the police.^[12] Then in 1922 Irishman James Joyce's important modernist novel Ulysses appeared. Ulysses has been called "a demonstration and summation of the entire movement".^[13] Fix during one 24-hour interval in Dublin, in it Joyce creates parallels with Homer'south epic poem the Odyssey. William Faulkner'south The Sound and the Fury (1929) is another significant modernist novel, that uses the stream of consciousness technique.

Novelists who are not considered modernists include: Rudyard Kipling (1865–1936) who was as well a successful poet; H. G. Wells (1866–1946); John Galsworthy (1867–1933), (Nobel Prize in Literature, 1932) whose works include a sequence of novels, collectively called The Forsyte Saga (1906–21); Arnold Bennett (1867–1931) writer of The Old Wives' Tale (1908); G. Thou. Chesterton (1874–1936); and E.Yard. Forster's (1879–1970), though Forster's work is "frequently regarded as containing both modernist and Victorian elements".^[14] H. M. Wells was a prolific writer who is now best known for his scientific discipline fiction novels,^[15] virtually notably The War of the Worlds, The Time Automobile, The Invisible Man and The Island of Physician Moreau all written in the 1890s. Other novels include Kipps (1905) and Mr Polly (1910). Forster's most famous work, A Passage to India 1924, reflected challenges to imperialism, while his earlier novels, such as A Room with a View (1908) and Howards Finish (1910), examined the restrictions and hypocrisy of Edwardian social club in England.

Some other major work of science fiction, from the early 20th century, is A Voyage to Arcturus past Scottish author David Lindsay, commencement published in 1920. It combines fantasy, philosophy, and scientific discipline fiction in an exploration of the nature of good and evil and their human relationship with existence. Information technology has been described past author Colin Wilson every bit the "greatest novel of the twentieth century",^[16] and was a primal influence on C. S. Lewis'due south Space Trilogy.^[17]

The nearly popular British author of the early years of the 20th century was arguably Rudyard Kipling, a highly versatile author of novels, curt stories and poems, and to date the youngest ever recipient of the Nobel Prize for Literature (1907). Kipling's works include The Jungle Books (1894–95), The Human Who Would Be King and Kim (1901), while his inspirational verse form "If—" (1895) is a national favourite and a memorable evocation of Victorian stoicism. Kipling's reputation declined during his lifetime, just more recently postcolonial studies has "rekindled an intense involvement in his work, viewing it as both symptomatic and critical of imperialist attitudes".^[18] Strongly influenced by his Christian faith, M. K. Chesterton was a prolific and hugely influential writer with a diverse output. His best-known character is the priest-detective Father Brownish, who appeared only in short stories, while The Homo Who Was Thursday published in 1908 is arguably his all-time-known novel. Of his nonfiction, Charles Dickens: A Critical Written report (1906) was largely responsible for creating a pop revival for Dickens's piece of work likewise as a serious afterthought of Dickens by scholars.^[nineteen]

Modernism in the 1920s and 1930s [edit]

The modernist move continued through the 1920s and 1930s and beyond. During the catamenia between the World Wars, American drama came to maturity, thanks in large role to the works of Eugene O'Neill (1888–1953). O'Neill's experiments with theatrical form and his employ of both Naturalist and Expressionist techniques had a major influence on American dramatists. His all-time-known plays include Anna Christie (Pulitzer Prize 1922), Desire Under the Elms (1924), Strange Interlude (Pulitzer Prize 1928), Mourning Becomes Electra (1931). In poetry Hart Crane published The Span in 1930 and E. Eastward. Cummings and Wallace Stevens were publishing from the 1920s until the 1950s. Similarly William Faulkner continued to publish until the 1950s and was awarded a Nobel Prize in 1949. However, not all those writing in these years were modernists; amid the writers outside the motility were American novelists Theodore Dreiser, Dos Passos, Ernest Hemingway, Scott Fitzgerald (The Great Gatsby 1925), and John Steinbeck.

Important British writers between the World Wars, include the Scottish poet Hugh MacDiarmid (1892–1978), who began publishing in the 1920s, and novelists Virginia Woolf (1882–1941), E. M. Forster (1879–1970) (A Passage to Republic of india, 1924), Evelyn Waugh (1903–66), Graham Greene (1904-1991), Anthony Powell (1905-2000), P. G. Wodehouse (1881–1975) (who was not a modernist) and D. H. Lawrence. Lawrence's Lady Chatterley's Lover was published privately in Florence in 1928, though the unexpurgated version was not published in Uk until 1959.^[8] Woolf was an influential feminist, and a major stylistic innovator associated with the stream-of-consciousness technique in novels like Mrs Dalloway (1925) and To the Lighthouse (1927). Her 1929 essay A Room of I's Own contains her famous dictum "A woman must have money and a room of her own if she is to write fiction".^[20]

In the 1930s W. H. Auden and Christopher Isherwood co-authored poetry dramas, of which The Ascent of F6 (1936) is the most notable, that owed much to Bertolt Brecht. T. S. Eliot had begun this attempt to revive poetic drama with Sweeney Agonistes in 1932, and this was followed by The Rock (1934), Murder in the Cathedral (1935) and Family Reunion (1939). There were three further plays after the war. In Parenthesis, a modernist epic verse form by David Jones (1895–1974) showtime published in 1937, is probably the best known contribution from Wales to the literature of the Start Earth War.^{[ commendation needed ]}

An of import development, beginning in the 1930s and 1940s was a tradition of working class novels actually written by working-class groundwork writers. Amongst these were coal miner Jack Jones, James Hanley, whose father was a stoker and who also went to body of water as a young man, and coal miners Lewis Jones from Southward Wales and Harold Heslop from Canton Durham.^{[ citation needed ]}

Aldous Huxley (1894–1963) published his famous dystopia Dauntless New Earth in 1932, the aforementioned year as John Cowper Powys'south A Glastonbury Romance. Henry Miller's Tropic of Cancer so appeared in 1934, though it was banned for many years in both Uk and America.^[21] Samuel Beckett (1906–89) published his first major work, the novel Murphy in 1938. This same year Graham Greene's (1904–91) start major novel Brighton Rock was published. Then in 1939 James Joyce'southward published Finnegans Wake, in which he creates a special linguistic communication to express the consciousness of a dreaming character.^[22] It was also in 1939 that some other Irish gaelic modernist poet, W. B. Yeats, died. British poet Westward. H. Auden was another significant modernist in the 1930s.

1940 to 2000 [edit]

Though some take seen modernism ending by around 1939,^[23] with regard to English language literature, "When (if) modernism petered out and postmodernism began has been contested almost as hotly as when the transition from Victorianism to modernism occurred".^[24] In fact a number of modernists were still living and publishing in the 1950s and 1960, including T. S. Eliot, William Faulkner, Dorothy Richardson, and Ezra Pound. Furthermore, Basil Bunting, built-in in 1901, published little until Briggflatts in 1965 and Samuel Beckett, built-in in Ireland in 1906, connected to produce pregnant works until the 1980s, including Waiting for Godot (1953), Happy Days (1961), Rockaby (1981), though some view him as a mail service-modernist.^[25]

Amongst British writers in the 1940s and 1950s were novelists Graham Greene and Anthony Powell, whose works span the 1930s to the 1980s and poet Dylan Thomas, while Evelyn Waugh, and Westward. H. Auden continued publishing significant piece of work.

The novel [edit]

In 1947 Malcolm Lowry published Nether the Volcano, while George Orwell'southward dystopia of totalitarianism, 1984, was published in 1949. One of the most influential novels of the immediate mail service-war period was William Cooper'due south naturalistic Scenes from Provincial Life, a witting rejection of the modernist tradition.^[26] Graham Greene was a convert to Catholicism and his novels explore the ambivalent moral and political bug of the modernistic world. Notable for an power to combine serious literary acclaim with wide popularity, his novels include Brighton Rock (1938), The Ability and the Glory (1940), The Centre of the Matter (1948), A Burnt-Out Example (1961), and The Human Factor (1978). Other novelists writing in the 1950s and later were: Anthony Powell whose twelve-book bike of novels A Dance to the Music of Fourth dimension, is a comic exam of movements and manners, ability and passivity in English political, cultural and armed forces life in the mid-20th century; comic novelist Kingsley Amis is best known for his academic satire Lucky Jim (1954); Nobel Prize laureate William Golding's allegorical novel Lord of the Flies 1954, explores how culture created past man fails, using as an example a group of British schoolboys marooned on a deserted island who try to govern themselves, but with disastrous results. Philosopher Iris Murdoch was a prolific writer of novels throughout the 2d one-half of the 20th century, that deal particularly with sexual relationships, morality, and the ability of the unconscious, including Nether the Net (1954), The Blackness Prince (1973) and The Greenish Knight (1993). Scottish writer Muriel Spark pushed the boundaries of realism in her novels. Her starting time, The Comforters (1957) concerns a adult female who becomes aware that she is a grapheme in a novel; The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie (1961), at times takes the reader briefly into the distant future, to run across the various fates that befall its characters. Anthony Burgess is especially remembered for his dystopian novel A Clockwork Orangish (1962), set up in the not-too-afar futurity, which was made into a film past Stanley Kubrick in 1971. In the entirely different genre of Gothic fantasy Mervyn Peake (1911–68) published his highly successful Gormenghast trilogy betwixt 1946 and 1959.

I of Penguin Books' about successful publications in the 1970s was Richard Adams'southward heroic fantasy Watership Down (1972). Evoking epic themes, it recounts the odyssey of a group of rabbits seeking to establish a new habitation. Another successful novel of the aforementioned era was John Fowles' The French Lieutenant's Woman (1969), with a narrator who freely admits the fictive nature of his story, and its famous culling endings. This was made into a moving picture in 1981 with a screenplay past Harold Pinter. Angela Carter (1940–92) was a novelist and journalist, known for her feminist, magical realism, and picaresque works. Her novels include, The Infernal Desire Machines of Doctor Hoffman 1972 and Nights at the Circus 1984. Margaret Drabble (built-in 1939) is a novelist, biographer and critic, who published from the 1960s into the 21st century. Her older sister, A. South. Byatt (built-in 1936) is best known for Possession published in 1990.

Martin Amis (born 1949) is one of the virtually prominent of contemporary British novelists. His best-known novels are Coin (1984) and London Fields (1989). Pat Barker (built-in 1943) has won many awards for her fiction. English novelist and screenwriter Ian McEwan (born 1948) is another of contemporary Britain's near highly regarded writers. His works include The Cement Garden (1978) and Indelible Love (1997), which was made into a motion picture. In 1998 McEwan won the Man Booker Prize with Amsterdam. Atonement (2001) was fabricated into an Oscar-winning film. McEwan was awarded the Jerusalem Prize in 2011. Zadie Smith's Whitbread Volume Accolade winning novel White Teeth (2000), mixes pathos and humour, focusing on the later lives of two war time friends in London. Julian Barnes (born 1946) is some other successful living novelist, who won the 2011 Homo Booker Prize for his book The Sense of an Ending, while 3 of his before books were shortlisted for the Booker Prize: Flaubert's Parrot (1984), England, England (1998), and Arthur & George (2005). He has too written crime fiction under the pseudonym Dan Kavanagh.^[27]

Ii pregnant contemporary Irish novelists are John Banville (born 1945) and Colm Tóibín (born 1955). Banville is also an adapter of dramas, a screenwriter,^[28] and a writer of detective novels under the pseudonym Benjamin Blackness. Banville has won numerous awards: The Volume of Evidence was shortlisted for the Booker Prize and won the Guinness Peat Aviation award in 1989; his eighteenth novel, The Sea, won the Booker Prize in 2005; he was awarded the Franz Kafka Prize in 2011. Colm Tóibín (Irish gaelic, 1955) is a novelist, short story author, essayist, playwright, announcer, critic, and, about recently, poet.

Scotland has in the belatedly 20th century produced several important novelists, including James Kelman, who like Samuel Beckett can create humor out of the most grim situations. How Late it Was, How Tardily, 1994, won the Booker Prize that year; A. Fifty. Kennedy's 2007 novel Solar day was named Volume of the Year in the Costa Volume Awards.^[29] In 2007 she won the Austrian Land Prize for European Literature;^[thirty] Alasdair Gray's Lanark: A Life in Four Books (1981) is a dystopian fantasy fix in a surreal version of Glasgow called Unthank.^[31]

Drama [edit]

An important cultural movement in the British theatre which developed in the late 1950s and early 1960s was Kitchen sink realism (or "kitchen sink drama"), a term coined to describe fine art (the term itself derives from an expressionist painting by John Bratby), novels, film and television plays. The term angry young men was oftentimes practical^{[ by whom? ]} to members of this artistic movement. Information technology used a style of social realism which depicts the domestic lives of the working class, to explore social issues and political issues. The drawing room plays of the mail state of war period, typical of dramatists similar Terence Rattigan and Noël Coward were challenged in the 1950s by these Angry Young Men, in plays similar John Osborne's Look Dorsum in Anger (1956). Arnold Wesker and Nell Dunn also brought social concerns to the stage.^{[ citation needed ]}

Again in the 1950s, the absurdist play Waiting for Godot (1955) (originally En attendant Godot, 1952), by Irish author Samuel Beckett profoundly afflicted British drama. The Theatre of the Absurd influenced Harold Pinter (born 1930), writer of (The Birthday Party, 1958), whose works are oft characterised past menace or claustrophobia. Beckett also influenced Tom Stoppard (born 1937) (Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are Expressionless, 1966). Stoppard'due south works are however as well notable for their high-spirited wit and the great range of intellectual issues which he tackles in different plays. Both Pinter and Stoppard continued to take new plays produced into the 1990s. Michael Frayn (born 1933) is among other playwrights noted for their use of language and ideas. He is as well a novelist. He has written a number of novels, including, The Tin can Men, which won the 1966 Somerset Maugham Award), The Russian Interpreter (1967, Hawthornden Prize), and Spies, which won the Whitbread Prize for Fiction in 2002.

Other Important playwrights whose careers began later in the century are: Caryl Churchill (Top Girls, 1982) and Alan Ayckbourn (Absurd Person Singular, 1972).^[32]

Radio drama [edit]

An important new chemical element in the world of British drama, from the beginnings of radio in the 1920s, was the commissioning of plays, or the adaption of existing plays, past BBC radio. This was particularly important in the 1950s and 1960s (and from the 1960s for goggle box). Many major British playwrights in fact, either effectively began their careers with the BBC, or had works adapted for radio. Nearly of playwright Caryl Churchill's early experiences with professional drama product were as a radio playwright and, starting in 1962 with The Ants, there were nine productions with BBC radio drama up until 1973 when her stage work began to exist recognised at the Royal Courtroom Theatre.^[33] Joe Orton'due south dramatic debut in 1963 was the radio play The Ruffian on the Stair, which was circulate on 31 August 1964.^[34] Tom Stoppard'southward "showtime professional product was in the fifteen-minute Simply Earlier Midnight plan on BBC Radio, which showcased new dramatists".^[34] John Mortimer fabricated his radio debut as a dramatist in 1955, with his adaptation of his own novel Like Men Betrayed for the BBC Lite Programme. But he made his debut as an original playwright with The Dock Brief, starring Michael Hordern as a hapless barrister, first broadcast in 1957 on BBC Radio'south Third Programme, subsequently televised with the same cast, and subsequently presented in a double beak with What Shall We Tell Caroline? at the Lyric Hammersmith in Apr 1958, before transferring to the Garrick Theatre. Mortimer is most famous for Rumpole of the Bailey a British television series which starred Leo McKern as Horace Rumpole, an aging London barrister who defends any and all clients. It has been spun off into a serial of short stories, novels, and radio programmes.^{[35] [36]}

Other notable radio dramatists included Brendan Behan, and novelist Angela Carter. Novelist Susan Loma likewise wrote for BBC radio, from the early 1970s.^[37] Irish playwright Brendan Behan, writer of The Quare Fellow (1954), was deputed by the BBC to write a radio play The Big House (1956); prior to this he had written 2 plays Moving Outand A Garden Party for Irish radio.^[38]

Among the most famous works created for radio, are Dylan Thomas's Nether Milk Wood (1954), Samuel Beckett's All That Fall (1957), Harold Pinter's A Slight Ache (1959) and Robert Bolt'south A Man for All Seasons (1954).^[39] Samuel Beckett wrote a number of short radio plays in the 1950s and 1960s, and later for tv. Beckett's radio play Embers was beginning broadcast on the BBC Third Program on 24 June 1959, and won the RAI prize at the Prix Italia awards later that year.^[40]

Poetry [edit]

Major poets similar T. Due south. Eliot, W. H. Auden and Dylan Thomas were nonetheless publishing in this period. Though Westward. H. Auden's (1907–1973) career began in the 1930s and 1940s he published several volumes in the 1950s and 1960s. His stature in modern literature has been contested, but probably the most common critical view from the 1930s onward ranked him every bit one of the iii major twentieth-century British poets, and heir to Eliot and Yeats.^[41] Stephen Spender (1909 – 1995)), whose career began in the 1930s, was another important poet.

New poets starting their careers in the 1950s and 1960s include Philip Larkin (1922–85) (The Whitsun Weddings, 1964), Ted Hughes (1930–98) (The Militarist in the Rain, 1957) and Irishman (Northern Ireland) Seamus Heaney (1939–2013) (Death of a Naturalist, 1966). Northern Ireland has also produced a number of other significant poets, including Derek Mahon and Paul Muldoon. In the 1960s and 1970s Martian poetry aimed to interruption the grip of 'the familiar', by describing ordinary things in unfamiliar ways, every bit though, for example, through the eyes of a Martian. Poets most closely associated with it are Craig Raine and Christopher Reid. Martin Amis, an of import gimmicky novelist, carried this defamiliarisation into fiction.

Another literary movement in this period was the British Poesy Revival, a wide-reaching drove of groupings and subgroupings which embraces performance, audio and concrete poetry. Leading poets associated with this motion include J. H. Prynne, Eric Mottram, Tom Raworth, Denise Riley and Lee Harwood. The Mersey Vanquish poets were Adrian Henri, Brian Patten and Roger McGough. Their work was a self-conscious attempt at creating an English equivalent to the Beats. Many of their poems were written in protestation against the established social order and, specially, the threat of nuclear war. Other noteworthy subsequently 20th-century poets are Welshman R. Due south. Thomas, Geoffrey Hill, Charles Tomlinson Carol Ann Duffy (Poet Laureate from 2009-2019) and Simon Armitage, the current laureate.^[42] Geoffrey Hill (born 1932) is considered one of the virtually distinguished English poets of his generation,^[43] Although frequently described as a "difficult" poet, Hill has retorted that supposedly difficult poetry can be "the virtually democratic because you are doing your audition the honour of supposing they are intelligent homo beings".^[44] Charles Tomlinson (born 1927) is another important English poet of an older generation, though "since his start publication in 1951, has congenital a career that has seen more detect in the international scene than in his native England; this may explicate, and be explained by, his international vision of poetry".^[45] The critic Michael Hennessy has described Tomlinson every bit "the most international and least provincial English poet of his generation".^[46] His poetry has won international recognition and has received many prizes in Europe and the United States.^[45]

Writers of the British Commonwealth [edit]

Doris Lessing from Southern Rhodesia, now Zimbabwe, published her first novel The Grass is Singing in 1950, after immigrating to England. She initially wrote about her African experiences. Lessing soon became a dominant presence in the English literary scene, frequently publishing correct through the century, and won the nobel prize for literature in 2007. Her other works include a sequence of v novels collectively called Children of Violence (1952–69), The Golden Notebook (1962), The Skilful Terrorist (1985), and a sequence of five science fiction novels the Canopus in Argos: Archives (1979–83). Indeed, from 1950 on a pregnant number of major writers came from countries that had over the centuries been settled by the British, other than America which had been producing significant writers from at least the Victorian period. At that place had of course been a few important works in English prior to 1950 from the then British Empire. The S African writer Olive Schreiner's famous novel The Story of an African Farm was published in 1883 and New Zealander Katherine Mansfield published her first collection of short stories, In a German Alimony, in 1911. The offset major English-linguistic communication novelist from the Indian sub-continent, R. M. Narayan, began publishing in England in the 1930s, encouraged by English language novelist Graham Greene.^[47] Caribbean writer Jean Rhys's writing career began as early equally 1928, though her nearly famous work, Wide Sargasso Sea, was not published until 1966. South Africa's Alan Paton's famous Cry, the Beloved Land dates from 1948.

Salman Rushdie is among a number of post Second World War writers from the former British colonies who permanently settled in Britain. Rushdie achieved fame with Midnight'south Children 1981, which was awarded both the James Tait Black Memorial Prize and Booker prize, and was named Booker of Bookers in 1993. His near controversial novel The Satanic Verses 1989, was inspired in part by the life of Muhammad. V. S. Naipaul (born 1932), born in Trinidad, was another immigrant, who wrote among other things A House for Mr Biswas (1961) and A Bend in the River (1979). Naipaul won the Nobel Prize in Literature.^[48] Also from the Westward Indies is George Lamming (born 1927), who wrote In the Castle of My Skin (1953), while from Pakistan, came Hanif Kureshi (born 1954), a playwright, screenwriter, filmmaker, novelist and brusque story writer. His book The Buddha of Suburbia (1990) won the Whitbread Award for the all-time first novel, and was too fabricated into a BBC boob tube series. Another important immigrant writer Kazuo Ishiguro (built-in 1954) was born in Nihon, simply his parents immigrated to Britain when he was half dozen.^[49] His works include The Remains of the Day 1989, Never Permit Me Go 2005.

From Nigeria a number of writers have accomplished an international reputation for works in English language, including novelist Chinua Achebe, who published Things Autumn Apart in 1958, as well equally playwright Wole Soyinka and novelist Buchi Emecheta. Soyinka won the Nobel Prize for literature in 1986, as did South African novelist Nadine Gordimer in 1995. Other South African writers in English are novelist J.M. Coetzee (Nobel Prize 2003) and playwright Athol Fugard. Kenya'southward well-nigh internationally renowned writer is Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o who has written novels, plays and curt stories in English. Poet Derek Walcott, from St Lucia in the Caribbean, was another Nobel Prize winner in 1992. Two Irishmen and an Australian were also winners in the menstruum after 1940: novelist and playwright, Samuel Beckett (1969); poet Seamus Heaney (1995); Patrick White (1973), a major novelist in this period, whose starting time piece of work was published in 1939. Another noteworthy Australian author at the end of this menstruation is poet Les Murray. The contemporary Australian novelist Peter Carey (built-in 1943) is i of only four writers to have won the Booker Prize twice—the others being J. G. Farrell, J. Yard. Coetzee and Hilary Mantel.^[50]

Among Canadian writers who have achieved an international reputation, are novelist and poet Margaret Atwood, poet, songwriter and novelist Leonard Cohen, short story writer Alice Munro, and more than recently poet Anne Carson. Another admired Canadian novelist and poet is Michael Ondaatje, who was born in Sri Lanka.

American literature [edit]

From 1940 into the 21st century, American playwrights, poets and novelists have connected to exist internationally prominent.

Mail-modernistic literature [edit]

The term Postmodern literature is used to draw sure tendencies in post-Earth State of war Two literature. It is both a continuation of the experimentation championed past writers of the modernist period (relying heavily, for example, on fragmentation, paradox, questionable narrators, etc.) and a reaction against Enlightenment ideas implicit in Modernist literature. Postmodern literature, like postmodernism every bit a whole, is difficult to define and there is piddling agreement on the exact characteristics, telescopic, and importance of postmodern literature. Among postmodern writers are the Americans Henry Miller, William S. Burroughs, Joseph Heller, Kurt Vonnegut, Hunter S. Thompson, Truman Capote and Thomas Pynchon.

20th-century genre literature [edit]

Agatha Christie (1890–1976) was a offense writer of novels, curt stories and plays, who is best remembered for her 80 detective novels likewise as her successful plays for the West End theatre. Christie'southward works, peculiarly those featuring the detectives Hercule Poirot or Miss Marple, take given her the title "Queen of Criminal offense", and she was i of the most important and innovative writers in this genre. Christie's novels include Murder on the Orient Limited, Decease on the Nile and And So There Were None. Another popular writer during the Gold Age of detective fiction was Dorothy L. Sayers (1893–1957). Other contempo noteworthy writers in this genre are Ruth Rendell, P. D. James and Scot Ian Rankin.

Erskine Childers' The Riddle of the Sands (1903), is an early instance of spy fiction. A noted writer in the spy novel genre was John le Carré, while in thriller writing, Ian Fleming created the character James Bail 007 in January 1952, while on holiday at his Jamaican estate, Goldeneye. Fleming chronicled Bond's adventures in twelve novels, including Casino Royale (1953), Alive and Let Die (1954), Dr. No (1958), Goldfinger (1959), Thunderball (1961), and nine short story works.

Hungarian-born Emma Orczy's (1865–1947) original play, The Scarlet Pimpernel, opened in October 1903 at Nottingham'southward Theatre Royal but was not a success. However, with a rewritten last act, information technology opened at the New Theatre in London in Jan 1905. The premier of the London production was enthusiastically received past the audience, running 122 performances and enjoying numerous revivals. The Carmine Pimpernel became a favourite of London audiences, playing more than than ii,000 performances and becoming i of the most pop shows staged in England to that date.^{[ commendation needed ]} The novel The Scarlet Pimpernel was published shortly after the play opened and was an firsthand success. Orczy gained a following of readers in Uk and throughout the world. The popularity of the novel encouraged her to write a number of sequels for her "reckless daredevil" over the next 35 years. The play was performed to keen acclamation in France, Italian republic, Deutschland and Espana, while the novel was translated into xvi languages. Afterward, the story has been adapted for television, film, a musical and other media.

John Buchan (1875–1940) published the adventure novel The Thirty-Nine Steps in 1915.

The novelist Georgette Heyer created the historical romance genre.

The Kailyard school of Scottish writers, notably J. M. Barrie (1869–1937), creator of Peter Pan (1904), presented an idealised version of social club and brought of fantasy and folklore back into style. In 1908, Kenneth Grahame (1859–1932) wrote the children's classic The Current of air in the Willows. An informal literary discussion group associated with the English language faculty at the University of Oxford, were the "Inklings". Its leading members were the major fantasy novelists; C.South. Lewis and J.R.R. Tolkien. Lewis is especially known for The Chronicles of Narnia, while Tolkien is best known as the author of The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings. Another significant writer is Alan Garner author of Elidor (1965), while Terry Pratchett is a more recent fantasy writer. Roald Dahl rose to prominence with his children'southward fantasy novels, such as James and the Giant Peach and Charlie and the Chocolate Factory, oftentimes inspired by experiences from his childhood, which are notable for their ofttimes unexpected endings, and J. K. Rowling writer of the highly successful Harry Potter series and Philip Pullman famous for his His Dark Materials trilogy are other significant authors of fantasy novels for younger readers.

Noted writers in the field of comic books are Neil Gaiman, and Alan Moore; Gaiman also produces graphic novels.

In the later decades of the 20th century, the genre of science fiction began to exist taken more seriously because of the work of writers such every bit Arthur C. Clarke's (2001: A Space Odyssey), Isaac Asimov, Ursula K. Le Guin, Robert Heinlein, Michael Moorcock and Kim Stanley Robinson. Another prominent writer in this genre, Douglas Adams, is especially associated with the comic science fiction work, The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy, which began life as a radio series in 1978. Mainstream novelists such Doris Lessing and Margaret Atwood also wrote works in this genre, while Scottish novelist Ian Thou. Banks has too achieved a reputation as both a writer of traditional and science fiction novels.

Winners of the Nobel Prize in Literature [edit]

• Rudyard Kipling (1907): UK (born in British India)
• Rabindranath Tagore (1913): India
• W. B. Yeats (1923): Republic of ireland
• George Bernard Shaw (1925): Ireland
• Sinclair Lewis (1930): US
• John Galsworthy (1932): U.k.
• Eugene O'Neill (1936): United states of america
• Pearl S. Buck (1938): US
• T. Southward. Eliot (1948): Britain (born in the US)
• William Faulkner (1949): US
• Bertrand Russell (1950): Uk
• Winston Churchill (1953): UK
• Ernest Hemingway (1954): US
• John Steinbeck (1962): US
• Samuel Beckett (1969): Ireland (lived in French republic much of his life)
• Patrick White (1973): Australia
• Saul Blare (1976): United states of america
• Isaac Bashevis Vocalizer (1978): U.s.a. (born in Poland)
• William Golding (1983): Britain
• Wole Soyinka (1986): Nigeria
• Joseph Brodsky (1987): U.s. (born in Russia)
• Nadine Gordimer (1991): Southward Africa
• Derek Walcott (1992): St Lucia, West Indies
• Toni Morrison (1993): US
• Seamus Heaney (1995): Republic of ireland
• V. South. Naipaul (2001): United kingdom (born in Trinidad)
• J. M. Coetzee (2003): South Africa
• Harold Pinter (2005): Uk
• Doris Lessing (2007): Great britain (grew-upward in Republic of zimbabwe)
• Alice Munro (2013): Canada
• Bob Dylan (2016): U.s.a.
• Kazuo Ishiguro (2017): UK (born in Nihon)
• Louise Glück (2020): US

See also [edit]

• African literature; and see former British colonies, Nigeria, Kenya, S African literature, etc.
• Australian literature
• Canadian literature
• Caribbean literature
• Indian English language literature
• New Zealand literature
• Pakistani English literature

References [edit]

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9. ^ Drabble 1996, p. 377, 988.
10. ^ The Oxford Companion to English language Literature. (1996), p. 781.
11. ^ "English literature." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. xv November 2012. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/188217/English-literature>.
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13. ^ Beebe, Maurice (Fall 1972). "Ulysses and the Age of Modernism". James Joyce Quarterly (University of Tulsa) 10 (1): p. 176.
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17. ^ Kathryn Lindskoog – A Voyage to Arcturus, C. South. Lewis, and The Dark Tower
18. ^ "Rudyard Kipling." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 15 Nov 2012. <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/318987/Rudyard-Kipling>.
19. ^ Ahlquist 2006, p. 286. sfn error: no target: CITEREFAhlquist2006 (help)
20. ^ Sue Roe and Susan Sellers The Cambridge companion to Virginia Woolf (Cambridge University Printing, 2000), p. 219.
21. ^ Drabble 1996, p. 660.
22. ^ Davies 1990, p. 644.
23. ^ Dettmar, Kevin JH (27 October 2011), "Modernism", in Kastan, David Scott (ed.), The Oxford Encyclopedia of British Literature, Oxford University Press .
24. ^ Birch, Dinah, ed. (27 October 2011), "modernism", The Oxford Companion to English Literature, Oxford Reference Online, Oxford Academy Press .
25. ^ The Cambridge Companion to Irish gaelic Literature, ed. John Wilson Foster. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006.
26. ^ Bradbury, Malcolm (1969), Introduction to Scenes from Provincial Life, London: Macmillan .
27. ^ John Dugdale (four April 2014). "Julian Barnes's pseudonymous detective novels stay under cover". The Guardian' .
28. ^ "John Banville". Dictionary of Irish Literature, ed. Robert Hogan (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1996).
29. ^ Brown, Mark (23 January 2008). "Perfect Day for AL Kennedy as she takes Costa book prize". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 23 Jan 2008.
30. ^ "Literatur-Staatspreis an Britin verliehen". ORF Salzburg (Austrian Dissemination Company) (in German). 27 July 2008. Retrieved 27 July 2008.
31. ^ Janice Galloway "Rereading Lanark by Alasdair Grayness". The Guardian. Sat 12 Oct 2002
32. ^ Childs, Peter; Storry, Mike (1999). Encyclopedia of Contemporary British Culture. London: Routledge. pp. 399–400. ISBN978-0415147262.
33. ^ "Churchill, Caryl", Playwrights, Doollee .
34. ^ ^{a b} Crook, Tim, International radio drama, Britain: IRDP .
35. ^ John Mortimer Radio Plays, UK: Sutton elms .
36. ^ John Mortimer Biography (1923–2009), Film reference .
37. ^ Sutton elms, Great britain .
38. ^ Cody, Gabrielle H (ed.), "Brendan Behan", The Columbia encyclopedia of mod drama, Athenaeum, IE: RTÉ .
39. ^ J. C. Trewin, "Critic on the Hearth." Listener [London, England] 5 August 1954: 224.
40. ^ "Winners 1949–2007", Prix Italian republic (PDF), Past editions, RAI, 2008, archived from the original (PDF) on 3 March 2012 .
41. ^ Smith, Stan (2004). "Introduction". In Stan Smith. The Cambridge Companion to West. H. Auden. Cambridge: Cambridge University Printing. pp. 1–fourteen. ISBN 0-521-82962-three.
42. ^ "Simon Armitage: 'Witty and profound' writer to be side by side Poet Laureate". BBC News. 10 May 2019. Retrieved ten May 2019.
43. ^ Flower, Harold, ed. (1986), Geoffrey Loma, Modern Disquisitional Views, Infobase .
44. ^ "Carol Ann Duffy is 'wrong' well-nigh poesy, says Geoffrey Hill". The Guardian. 31 January 2012. Retrieved 4 November 2012.
45. ^ ^{a b} Charles Tomlinson, United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland: Carcanet Press .
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50. ^ Human Booker official site: J. One thousand. Farrell [i]; Hilary Mantel "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 13 March 2016. Retrieved 22 March 2016. {{cite spider web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link); J. 1000. Coetzee: "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 17 March 2016. Retrieved 22 March 2016. {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy every bit championship (link).

Bibliography [edit]

• Ahlquist, Dale (2012), The Consummate Thinker: The Marvelous Heed of G.One thousand. Chesterton, Ignatius Press, ISBN978-1-58617-675-4 .
• Davies, Marion Wynne, ed. (1990), The Bloomsbury Guide to English Literature, New York: Prentice Hall .
• Drabble, Margaret, ed. (1996), The Oxford Companion to English Literature, Oxford: Oxford University Printing .
• Fulk, RD; Cain, Christopher M (2003), A History of Sometime English Literature, Malden: Blackwell .
• Kiernan, Kevin (1996), Beowulf and the Beowulf Manuscript, Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan, ISBN0-472-08412-7 .
• Orchard, Andy (2003), A Critical Companion to Beowulf, Cambridge: DS Brewer .
• Robinson, Fred C (2001), The Cambridge Companion to Beowulf, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 143 .
• Tolkien, John Ronald Reuel (1958), Beowulf: The Monsters and the Critics, London: Oxford Academy Printing .
• Ward, AW; Waller, AR; Trent, WP; Erskine, J; Sherman, SP; Van Doren, C, eds. (1907–21), History of English language and American literature (Encyclopedia), New York: GP Putnam's Sons Academy Press .

External links [edit]

• Discovering Literature: 20th century at the British Library
• The English Literary Canon
• British literature – Books tagged British literature LibraryThing
• A Bibliography of Literary Theory, Criticism and Philology Ed. José Ángel García Landa, (University of Zaragoza, Espana)

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twentieth-Century_English_literature

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